Substitute

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SUBSTITUTE, contracts. One placed under another to transact business for him; in letters of attorney, power is generally given to the attorney to nominate and appoint a substitute.
     2. Without such power, the authority given to one person cannot in general be delegated to another, because it is a personal trust and confidence, and is not therefore transmissible. The authority is given to him to exercise his judgment and discretion, and it cannot be said that the trust and confidence reposed in him shall be exercised at the discretion of another. 2 Atk. 88; 2 Ves. 645. But an authority may be delegated to another, when the attorney has express power to do so. Bunb. 166; T. Jones, 110. See Story, Ag. Sec. 13, 14. When a man is drawn in the militia, he may in some cases hire a substitute.

A Law Dictionary, Adapted to the Constitution and Laws of the United States. By John Bouvier. Published 1856.
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"Our studies to date have shown that HemoTech is safe, effective, inexpensive to manufacture, and convenient to administer," maintains Jan Simoni, who has served since 1993 as the Blood Substitute Group Leader and associate professor of research in the Department of Surgery, where he co-invented HemoTech along with fellow researcher Mario Feola.
Viable human blood substitute found?
Needless to say, many biomedical researchers have since embraced Chang's artificial cellular-based approach to carry hemoglobin through the body, and companies are presently conducting clinical trials with blood substitutes.
Artificial blood--patenting an interdisciplinary technology
However, the study protocol allows PolyHeme to be given for up to 12 hours after arrival at the hospital in those patients who received the blood substitute during the ambulance ride.
Blood not-so-simple: should unconsenting civilians be used in tests for a blood substitute?
HemoBioTech is engaged in the commercial development of HemoTech, a novel human blood substitute technology exclusively licensed from Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center.
HemoBioTech announces filing of patent application for blood loss treatment
This blood substitute can be produced in large quantities and stored for two years at 41[degrees]F, and for more than four months at 86[degrees]F, compared to 40 days at 39[degrees]F for natural blood.
Blood of the Future
But a new fluorocarbon-based blood substitute, called Oxygent, uses bromo-perfluoro-octane, a fluorocarbon that is quickly excreted by the lungs.
The End of Blood Shortages?
It's the first blood substitute ever approved for use.
FAKE BLOOD Ready to Flow
Another blood substitute has been tried on people who have refused blood transfusions because of religious convictions.
How safe is our blood?
But the blood substitute and protocols developed in order to advance cryonics technology have immediate applications in low-temperature medicine.
Putting death on ice: new hope for those dying from incurable diseases may come from cryonics research
For clinicians, hematologists, medicinal chemists, biotechnologists, and blood substitute researchers, this volume offers thorough treatment of underlying principles as well as cutting edge innovations.
Chemistry and biochemistry of oxygen therapeutics; from transfusion to artificial blood

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