A potential source of error in these extended forecasts is the models' poor representation of
convection, particularly in the tropics.
The inability to control this thermal ramp eventually led to forced
convection reflow winning the day, because having multiple heating zones allowed the process engineer to sculpt a thermal profile for a board, raising the temperature to reflow in stages at a controlled ramp, permitting the various materials in a PCB (e.g., copper layers, epoxy-glass laminate, and components with widely varying tolerances to variations in TCE or delta T) to equilibrate in temperature, minimizing the potentially damaging effects of thermal stress.
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[6] the numerical investigation of effect of cross-buoyancy mixed
convection of flow field and heat transfer characteristics a long semi-circular cylinder in a confined channel has been studied in laminar regime by solving the governing equations, the results have been presented and discussed for range of conditions: Re = 1 to 40, Ri = 0 to 4, Pr = 0.71 to 50, [beta] = 16.6% to 50%, they found that, the drag coefficient increases with Ri number and/or blockage ratio.
[9] have studied free
convection on flow past an accelerated vertical plate in the presence of viscous dissipative heat using perturbation method.
[4] when analyzing the coefficient of
convection which was initially very high and then decreased rather quickly to a specific value.
DuraCrete [21] thought that the depth of influenced
convection was 14 mm.
[39, 40] and Nield and Kuznetsov [41] included the effect of an internal heat source on the thermal instability in a nanofluid layer and found that the heat source advances the onset of
convection. Recently, Wakif et al.
The irreversibility phenomena due to heat transfer and viscous effects which are expressed by entropy generation are significant study of a natural
convection system.
The earth mantle is an example of porous medium to yield the geothermal energy through
convection process.
The multidomain dual reciprocity method has been applied to the solution of two-dimensional thermal
convection problems (Florez et al.
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