While lesbians remain one of the lowest risk categories for the contraction of HIV, in maledictive hate the disease is ascribed to their bodies through their cultural connections with gay men.
This maledictive theme was found in a higher number of acts of violence against Jews, than against gay men and lesbians.
But what prevention measures should be recommended to reduce the maledictive hate, marginalization and inequality central to the practices of antisemitism and heterosexism?
While maledictive naming would be difficult to assess in terms of harm caused (largely due to these same terms being used by these groups themselves), I would argue that the consistent presence of the other two themes--dirt/ disease and elimination--could mark a legislative line in the sand between verbal abuse and vilification.