In the twenty-first century, a new form of
maternalism has emerged that reinforces gender inequality even as it calls for public entitlements related to mothering.
In Ak y la humanidad Angelico echoes this same sentiment in an exaggerated way by highlighting Ak's dead mothers contribution to Ak's new voice of reason and reflects how Spanish feminism focused on women's rights based on gender difference and
maternalism rather than equality with men (Nash 35).
Kavka, for instance, calls Kitty's
maternalism "unnatural" and figures her use of the nursery to dry her hair in the novel's opening as "heartless" (163).
More specifically, and as further explicated below, both middle- and working-class organizations drew on an understanding of
maternalism that was relatively devoid of references to economic interests and needs, especially as they pertained to working mothers.
"
Maternalism" as referenced in these essays, is an analytic category more than a movement of self-identified mothers.
Jethro Brown, called 'governmental
maternalism' in his book The Underlying Principles of Modern Legislation published that same year and which Cook quoted at length.
which she must accept not only the responsibilities of
maternalism but
It can be argued that Morgan, Macdonald, and Neuberger and Valentini work from the individual narratives of the female and male political actors and the words and actions of the researched women, are 'interpreted' by the researcher, hence certain value judgements are made with respect to
maternalism and female subservience.
Rea explores how women's creative reflections on the "madness" by which they were surrounded, expressed through quilt and filmmaking, drama, poetry, visual art and musical composition stands as "a memorial in its own right." Marie Hammond-Callaghan's interest is in the relationship between the state and women's peace movements and the way in which this was exploited in the propaganda war which marked the conflict: in an insightful essay O'Callaghan argues that "state-friendly women's groups became the velvet glove on the iron fist of state as British security policy enlisted '
maternalism and 'antifeminism' in counter-insurgency campaigns" (148).
This
maternalism is evident in many of the writers in the League magazine.
Putting children first: Women,
maternalism, and welfare in the early twentieth century.
Therefore, we can speak of a "farewell to
maternalism" (Orloff 2006) and farewell, also, to the family as we knew it (Ostner 2010).