Charles initially turned to extra-parliamentary taxation at the end of 1625, when, having failed to secure any increase in the two subsidies voted by his first parliament, he raised loans by issuing Privy Seal warrants to named individuals for 10 [pounds sterling] to 50 [pounds sterling] a piece.
Lowest of all was London, where the citizens were owed over 210,000 [pounds sterling] by the Crown for loans taken up during the previous decade, and demonstrated their disapproval by paying only four per cent of their quota for the 1625 Privy Seal loans, and less than a single subsidy towards the Forced Loan.
* Abbreviations: PSL = Privy Seal loan; Ben = benevolence; subsidies are denoted by a letter suffix, e.g.